In particular, these molecules can participate in a variety of addition reactions and can be used in polymer formation. Alkanes are described as saturated hydrocarbons, while alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are said to be unsaturated. Chemically, the alkynes are similar to the alkenes. Alkenes have the general formula c n h 2n and alkynes are c n h 2n2. Reaction in which the elements of water h and oh are. Saturated compounds contain single bonds only and unsaturated compounds contain double or triple bonds.
The names the halogen is treated as a substituent on an alkane chain. Yet, it nomenclature is not the only difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. Rules underlying iupac nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are discussed below. Additions are the most common reactions using alkenes and alkynes addition to. Alkanes are said to be saturated since they have the maximum number of bonds to hydrogen. Reactions of alkanes, alkenes, and cycloalkenes purpose. Alkenes and alkynes, on the other hand, are unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes alkenes alkynes alcohols ketones esters 22 hydrocarbons aliphatic hydrocarbons alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes aromatic hydrocarbons benzene 22 alkanes unbranched, branched, and cyclic alkanes homologous series constitutional structural isomers 24 types of carbon atoms. Alkanes are useful as fuels and alkenes are used to make chemicals such as plastic. Alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatics. The carbon in an alkene is sp 2, has a bond angle of 120 o, and a trigonal planar shape. Alkenes having one double bond, thus lost 2 hydrogens or alkynes a triple bond. This naming is the reason why we still call functional groups alkanes saturated.
Alkene nomenclature please read and understand prefixparentsuffix suffix for alkenes. Alkynes are similar to alkenes, except they involve a triple bond between two carbons rather than a double bond. Alkynes are unsaturated carbon that shares a triple bond at the carbon site all alkynes are odourless and colourless with the exception of ethylene which has a slight distinctive odour. The same rules of alkene nomenclature apply to alkynes. The simple difference between alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes. All uses of alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes in industry and. Mar 27, 2012 the alcohols are more toxic than the simple alkanes that they are based on, but still mildly so in the minute quantities that may be present as residual solvent. Many functional groups contain oxygen atoms, such as alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and esters. Unsaturated hydrocarbons alkenes and alkynes react with h 2 in the presence of finely divided catalysts such as platinum, palladium or nickel to form alkanes. Each of the carbon atoms in an alkane has sp 3 hybrid orbitals and is bonded to four other atoms, each of which is either carbon or hydrogen. The simplest alkyne, c2h2, goes by the name ethyne or its common name, acetylene. Preparations of alkanes,alkenes,alkynes free download as powerpoint presentation.
Jun 20, 2018 alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are similar in name but they are slightly different. The lewis structures and models of methane, ethane, and pentane are illustrated in figure \\pageindex1\. The longest hydrocarbon chain is selected and is termed as parent chain in case of alkanes. Substitution and eliimination reactions of alkyl halides.
Organic reactions summary alkenes, alkynes and variations for. Reactions of alkenes and alkynes introduction to chemistry. Nomenclature for alkyl halides, alcohols, alkenes, and alkynes. Hydrocarbons are compounds made up of carbon and hydrogen and these hydorcarbons form important fuels like petroleum,diesel etc. What is the difference between alkanes, alkenes, alkynes. Some common names of alkanes with four carbons are butanes, those with five carbons are pentanes, etc.
As for the alkenes, it has for the very least double bonds compared to alkanes single bond. Write iupac names of alcohols obtained by attachment of oh groups at different. The hydrocarbons that has carbon carbon single bond. For example, alkynes undergo many of the typical addition reactions of alkenes. Eventhough the use of them may overlaps in some cases, each of them is a compound on their own. The simplest alkyne, c 2 h 2, goes by the name ethyne or its common name, acetylene. Sch 102 introduction to organic chemistry, chemistry of. Alkenes use the same iupac nomenclature rules seen for alkanes. In an alkane, all 4 4 4 valencies of the carbon atom are satisfied with other hydrogen atoms. Reaction in which halogen is introduced into a molecule 3 hydration. General methods of preparation of alkanes wurtz reaction. Both are termed unsaturated because the carbons involved in the multiple bonds do not have the maximum number of bonded atoms possible four for a carbon. For instance, the scientific names of alkenes contain the suffix ene as part of their name.
The international union of pure and applied chemistry iupac names for alkynes parallel those of alkenes, except that the family ending is yne rather than ene. The main structural difference among hydrocarbon families is the presence of double or triple bonds. Preparations of alkanes,alkenes,alkynes alkene chlorine. The properties of alkynes pretty much follow the same pattern of those of alkanes and alkenes. The physical properties of alkenes are similar to those of the alkanes. Common functional groups in organic chemistry include. Nomenclature alkanes4 the prefixes di, tri, tetra, etc. The scientific names of alkynes contains the suffix yne.
Methanol is converted into formic acid and formaldehyde by our bodies, which attack the central nervous system, particularly the optic system, which is where the stories of going blind. To compare the chemical reactivity of an alkane, an alkene, and an aromatic compound. For alkyne nomenclature, the ene or ane suffix is replaced by yne. The nomenclature for alkanes is based on to name an alkane, first identify the. Nomenclature of alkanes, alkenes and alkynes iupac. For any alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, aromatic compounds, carboxylic acids or alcohols, provide the iupac name of the molecule. Representative alkanes, alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic compounds.
The reaction of acetylene with bromine is a typical example. Alkenes, alkynes, and dienes are less dense than water, are nonpolar, and have boiling points and melting points similar to alkanes. Alkanes and alkenes are both families of hydrocarbons. It shows you how to name compounds with functional groups such as alkanes, alcohols, alkenes, alkynes, ethers. To investigate the physical properties, solubility, and density of some hydrocarbon. To use physical and chemical properties to identify an unknown. Pdf organic chemistry made easy for senior secondary schools. In case of alkenes double bond linkages are seen and in alkynes, triple bond linkages are present.
Introduction to alkenes and alkynes in an alkane, all covalent bonds. Alkynes are similar to alkenes in both physical and chemical properties. Alkanes, alcohols, and ethers skunk pharm research. Alkanes is hydrocarbon compound with one single bond. Preparations alkenes are generally prepared through. Methane gas is the first member of the homologous series of alkanes. Elimination reactions alkenes olefins are hydrocarbons that contain a carboncarbon double bond and are said to be unsaturated. Some other functional groups contain nitrogen atoms, such as the amines and amides. Hydrocarbons are further divided into several structural types called, alkanes, alkenes, alkynes and aromatics. The alkanes have only single bonds between all the atoms in the stucture. Alkanes, or saturated hydrocarbons, contain only single covalent bonds between carbon atoms. Preparation of alkanes from unsaturated hydrocarbons. Alkanes, alkenes and akynes belong to a category of organic compounds that are formed only by carbon and hydrogen atoms.